Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many EFFECTS and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social EFFECTS of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

in this research, their EFFECTS on the flight of airplanes were investigated. The study area is the country of Iran, and the flight routes of Kermanshah, Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran. The research data includes maps of the Vertical Transect (profile) of the jet stream, the daily average of the Zonal wind (U-Wind) and meridional wind (V-Wind) components for the winter period of 2018 through NOAA/NCEP environmental databases. Also, flight route information was received from FlightRadar24 and Flightaware systems. First, by using Vertical Transect maps, the days containing strong U-Wind were extracted, and the average position of the core of the Jet Streams in the Zonal and meridional wind components, the Tropospheric level of 200 HP was detected. The list of flights was prepared, and the Zonal Wind maps were produced. Finally, the height of the flights was compared with the level of the currents of the Jet Streams, and the influence or lack of influence of the Jet Streams on the flights was studied. According to the results of the research, all the Jet Streams caused turbulence for all flights, and they caused a decrease in the speed of flights between Ahvaz and BandarAbbas to Tehran and an increase in the speed of flights between Kermanshah and Tehran according to the direction and type of Jet Streams. It was also found that all the Jet Streams had a speed of more than 90 knots, so the capacity to create tension and turbulence such as CAT was seen in them

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstand both dynamic and static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the EFFECTS of earthquakes on underground structures and the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated and by using Plaxis 2D software and based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight and modulus of elasticity was carried out, and the parameters whose changes have the greatest and least EFFECTS on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, and surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of elasticity of the soil surrounding tunnel has the most effect and cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..

Background: Considering the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its importance for women as well as social qualities and public tendency toward alternative complementary and herbal drugs, this study was carried out to determine the effect of Menastil on PRIMARY dysmenorrhea on students residing in Dormitories' universities of Saveh 2005.Materials and Methods: This placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial was performed on 72 single students between 18 and 26 years old with PRIMARY dysmenorrhea. Data were collected through a questionnaire which included demographic factors, exercise, stress factors, use of medicines, and the McGill pain ruler for determining of pain severity. Subjects were classified into two groups of moderate (4£ Score£7) and sever (8£Score£10), base on their pain severity. Subjects with scores of less than 4 were excluded from this study. All Subjects randomly allocated into two groups (1) the experimental group who received the vials of Menastil and (2) the placebo group. Two drops of Menastil (calendula+mint) was used topically during the menstruation in the form of an abdominal massage for two months. The placebo group received the same mode of treatment with the vials contained baby oil and mint. The menstrual cramp levels were assessed, using a visual analogue scale (McGill Ruler) and severity of dysmenorrheal was measured by a verbal multidimensional scoring system. Data were analyzed applying Freedman and Mann-Whitney statistical tests.Results: Demographic characteristics (age, height, weight & menstrual status) were similar between two groups. The score of dysmenorrhaea reduced in both groups. The results showed that compared to placebo, Menastil decreased more the severity of dysmenorrhea so that the difference between two groups was significant (P<0.0001). Also, the consumption of pain relief agents and the amount of menstrual bleeding decreased by Menastil therapy. Moreover, there was no side effect with this mode ot treatment.Conclusion: The consumption of menastil decreases PRIMARY dysmenorrhea. The investigation of EFFECTS of long term consumption of menastil (6 months) is recommended.

Background: In the light of dysmenorrhea prevalence and its importance for women at reproductive age and lack of clinical research on the EFFECTS of fish oil on dysmenorrhea in our country, this study was conducted on university students over the period 2002-2003. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial (before & after treatment) was carried out on 80 single girls, who suffered from PRIMARY dysmenorrhea. Data were collected through a questionnaire including demographic factors, exercise, stress causing factors, use of pain reliever and the Mc Gill pain ruler for determination of pain. The subjects were classified into two groups based on their pain severity. The moderate group (4 grade 7) and also the severe one (8 grade 10) and the subjects with less than 4 grades were excluded from this study. All the subjects consumed fish oil capsule (1gr), b.i.d from the 15th day of menstrual cycle for 45 days continuously. The research data were collected before study, during the consumption of fish oil and two menstrual periods thereafter and were analyzed by employing Sign and McNemar statistical tests. Results: The subjects averaged 22.1 2.5 years of age. Factors affecting dysmenorrhea severity did not show significant difference before and after treatment. Severe dysmenorrhea decreased from 50 percent to 21.2 percent, (P= 0.0001). The consumption of pain reliever decreased after treatment with fish oil. Moreover, no serious side EFFECTS were observed as a result of fish oil intake. The effect of fish oil improved after 2 cycles followup, so that severe dysmenorrhea decreased from 21.2 percent to 16.8 percent. Conclusion: The consumption of fish oil (2gr daily) for 45 days decreases PRIMARY dysmenorrhea. The investigation of EFFECTS of long term consumption of fish oil (6 months) is recommended.

Present pilot study evaluates the EFFECTS of "Coping-Therapy" (CT) on PRIMARY factors of personality as compared with "Progressive muscular Relaxation Training" (PRT) and "Control" group. 45 female students of Payame Noor and Islamic Azad universities in Qom were randomly allocated to tree equal groups. Before and after introducing independent variable, therapy method was tested by Chattel's Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (form A), which was administered on sample groups. Results showed that "Coping-Therapy" (as an innovative technique) has been effective in changing PRIMARY factors: A, B, M, O, Q3 & Q4. CT decreased M, O & Q4 scores, and increased A, B & Q3 - to accessing more adaptation. "Progressive muscular Relaxation Training" decreased O scores, only. However, E & I scores in "control" group changed. More changes brought up by applying CT – especially those in relation with PRIMARY personality scores – as a whole suggest the efficiency and relative privilege of this technique comparing with Progressive muscular Relaxation Training  they were adaptive- suggest that has more preference and functionality in compare with PRT. However, we must be careful in generalization of the findings, because of methodological limitations.